Ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa mphamvu zoyeretsera mafuta padziko lonse lapansi, miyezo yokhwima ya mafuta, komanso kufunikira kwa zinthu zopangira mankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyeretsera mafuta kwakhala kukukula mosalekeza. Pakati pa izi, kukula kwachangu kwambiri kuli m'maiko atsopano ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene.
Chifukwa cha zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, zinthu ndi kapangidwe ka zipangizo za fakitale iliyonse yoyeretsera, kuti mugwiritse ntchito ma catalyst ofunikira kwambiri kuti mupeze chinthu choyenera kapena zipangizo zopangira mankhwala, kusankha ma catalyst omwe ali ndi kuthekera kosinthasintha kapena kusankha bwino kumatha kuthetsa mavuto akuluakulu a mafakitale osiyanasiyana oyeretsera ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ku Asia Pacific, Africa ndi Middle East, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse zogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kukula kwa zinthu zoyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo kuyeretsa, polymerization, kupanga mankhwala, ndi zina zotero, n'kokwera kuposa madera otukuka ku Europe ndi United States.
Mtsogolomu, kufalikira kwa hydrogenation ya petulo kudzakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, kutsatiridwa ndi hydrogenation yapakati ya distillate, FCC, isomerization, hydrocracking, hydrogenation ya naphtha, hydrogenation yamafuta olemera (mafuta otsala), alkylation (superposition), reforming, ndi zina zotero, ndipo kufunikira kofanana kwa catalyst kudzawonjezekanso motsatana.
Komabe, chifukwa cha njira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito ma catalyst osiyanasiyana oyeretsera mafuta, kuchuluka kwa ma catalyst oyeretsera mafuta sikungakwere ndi kukula kwa mphamvu. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zogulitsa pamsika, malonda ambiri ndi ma catalyst oyeretsera mafuta (hydrotreating ndi hydrocracking, zomwe zimapangitsa 46% ya zonse), kutsatiridwa ndi ma catalyst a FCC (40%), kutsatiridwa ndi ma catalyst okonzanso (8%), ma catalyst a alkylation (5%) ndi ena (1%).
Nazi zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zoyambitsa khansa zichitike kuchokera kumakampani otchuka padziko lonse lapansi:
Makampani 10 odziwika padziko lonse lapansi okonza zinthu zatsopano
1. Grace Davison, USA
Kampani ya Grace Corporation inakhazikitsidwa mu 1854 ndipo likulu lake lili ku Columbia, Maryland. Grace Davidson ndiye mtsogoleri padziko lonse lapansi pa kafukufuku ndi kupanga ma catalyst a FCC ndipo ndiye kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopereka ma FCC ndi ma hydrogenation catalysts.
Kampaniyo ili ndi mayunitsi awiri ogwirira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, Grace Davison ndi Grace Specialty Chemicals, ndi magawo asanu ndi atatu azinthu. Bizinesi ya Grace Davidson ikuphatikizapo ma catalyst a FCC, ma catalyst ochiza matenda a hydrotreating, ma catalyst apadera kuphatikiza ma catalyst a polyolefin ndi ma catalyst catalyst, ndi zipangizo zopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi silicon kapena silical-aluminium zopangira ma digital media coating pamapepala osindikizira a mafakitale, ogula, ndi inkjet. Bizinesi yochiza matenda a hydrotreating imayendetsedwa ndi ART, kampani yogwirizana.
2, Albemarle American specialty chemicals (ALbemarle) Group
Mu 1887, Arbel Paper Company inakhazikitsidwa ku Richmond, Virginia.
Mu 2004, bizinesi ya Akzo-Nobel Oil catalyst inagulidwa, inalowa mwalamulo m'munda wa catalysts zoyeretsera mafuta, ndipo inapanga gawo la bizinesi ya catalyst yokhala ndi polyolefin catalysts; Ikukhala kampani yachiwiri yayikulu yopanga catalyst ya FCC padziko lonse lapansi.
Pakadali pano, ili ndi mafakitale opanga oposa 20 ku North America, Europe, Middle East, South America, Japan ndi China.
Kampani ya Arpels ili ndi malo 8 ofufuza ndi chitukuko m'maiko 5 ndi maofesi ogulitsa m'maiko opitilira 40. Ndi kampani yopanga zinthu zoletsa moto zomwe zimawononga ma brominated flame retardants padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, zamagetsi, mankhwala, zinthu zaulimi, makampani opanga magalimoto, zomangamanga ndi zolongedza.
Bizinesi yayikulu ikuphatikizapo zowonjezera za polima, ma catalyst ndi ma chemistry abwino magawo atatu.
Pali mitundu inayi ikuluikulu ya zowonjezera za polima: zoletsa moto, zoteteza ku ma antioxidants, zochiritsa ndi zokhazikika;
Bizinesi ya Catalyst ili ndi magawo atatu: chothandizira choyeretsera, chothandizira cha polyolefin, chothandizira cha mankhwala;
Mankhwala Abwino Kapangidwe ka bizinesi: mankhwala othandiza (utoto, alumina), mankhwala abwino (mankhwala a bromine, mankhwala amafuta) ndi zinthu zina (mankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo).
Pakati pa magawo atatu a bizinesi ya kampani ya Alpels, ndalama zomwe zimagulitsidwa pachaka kuchokera ku zowonjezera za polymer zinali zazikulu kwambiri, kutsatiridwa ndi zosakaniza, ndipo ndalama zomwe zimagulitsidwa kuchokera ku mankhwala abwino zinali zochepa kwambiri, koma m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, ndalama zomwe zimagulitsidwa pachaka kuchokera ku bizinesi ya zosakaniza zawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kuyambira 2008, zaposa bizinesi ya zowonjezera za polymer.
Bizinesi ya Catalyst ndiye gawo lalikulu la bizinesi ya Arpell. Arpels ndiye kampani yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi yogulitsa ma catalyst ochepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi (30% ya gawo la msika wapadziko lonse) komanso ndi imodzi mwa makampani atatu apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapereka ma catalyst ochepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi.
3. Dow Chemicals
Dow Chemical ndi kampani yopanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana yomwe ili ndi likulu lake ku Michigan, USA, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1897 ndi Herbert Henry Dow. Imagwira ntchito zopanga mankhwala 214 m'maiko 37, yokhala ndi mitundu yoposa 5,000 ya zinthu, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo opitilira 10 monga magalimoto, zida zomangira, magetsi, ndi mankhwala. Mu 2009, Dow idafika pa nambala 127 pa Fortune Global 500 ndi nambala 34 pa Fortune National 500. Ponena za katundu wonse, ndi kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yachiwiri pambuyo pa DuPont Chemical ya ku United States; Ponena za ndalama zomwe amapeza pachaka, ndi kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya mankhwala, pambuyo pa BASF ya ku Germany; Ogwira ntchito oposa 46,000 padziko lonse lapansi; Yagawidwa m'magawo 7 amalonda malinga ndi mtundu wa malonda: Functional Plastics, Functional Chemicals, Agricultural Sciences, Plastiki, Basic Chemicals, Hydrocarbons ndi Energy, Venture Capital. Bizinesi ya Catalysts ndi gawo la Functional Chemicals.
Ma catalyst a Dow ndi awa: NORMAX™ carbonyl synthesis catalyst; METEOR™ catalyst ya ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol; SHAC™ ndi SHAC™ ADT polypropylene catalysts; DOWEX™ QCAT™ bisphenol A catalyst; Ndi kampani yotsogola padziko lonse yopanga ma polypropylene catalysts.
4. ExxonMobil
Exxonmobil ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yogulitsa mafuta, yomwe ili ndi likulu lake ku Texas, USA. Kampaniyo, yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti Exxon Corporation ndi Mobil Corporation, idaphatikizidwa ndikukonzedwanso pa Novembala 30, 1999. Kampaniyi ndi kampani yayikulu ya ExxonMobil, Mobil ndi Esso padziko lonse lapansi.
Kampani ya Exxon, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1882, ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta ku United States komanso imodzi mwa makampani asanu ndi awiri akuluakulu komanso akale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kampani ya Mobil Corporation, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1882, ndi kampani yapadziko lonse lapansi yophatikiza kufufuza ndi chitukuko, kukonza mafuta, ndi mafakitale a petrochemical.
Exxon ndi Mobil ali ndi likulu lawo ku Houston, likulu lawo ku Fairfax, ndi likulu lawo ku Irving, Texas. Exxon ili ndi 70% ya kampaniyo ndipo Mobil ili ndi 30%. Exxonmobil, kudzera m'mabungwe ake ogwirizana, pakadali pano ikugwira ntchito m'maiko ndi madera pafupifupi 200 padziko lonse lapansi ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito anthu oposa 80,000.
Zogulitsa zazikulu za Exxonmobil zikuphatikizapo mafuta ndi gasi, zinthu zamafuta ndi zinthu za petrochemical, ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga ma olefins monomer ndi polyolefin, kuphatikizapo ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, polypropylene; Bizinesi ya ma catalysts ndi ya ExxonMobil Chemical. Exxonmobil Chemical imagawidwa m'magawo anayi amalonda: ma polima, mafilimu a polima, zinthu za mankhwala ndi ukadaulo, ndipo ma catalysts ndi a gawo laukadaulo.
UNIVATION, mgwirizano wa 50-50 pakati pa ExxonMobil ndi Dow Chemical Company, ili ndi ukadaulo wopanga polyethylene wa UNIPOL™ ndi ma polyolefin catalysts a UCAT™ ndi XCAT™.
5. Kampani ya UOP Global Oil Products
Kampani ya Global Oil Products, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1914 ndipo likulu lake lili ku Desprine, Illinois, ndi kampani yapadziko lonse lapansi. Pa Novembala 30, 2005, UOP idakhala kampani yothandizidwa ndi Honeywell monga gawo la bizinesi ya Honeywell's Specialty Materials.
UOP imagwira ntchito m'magawo asanu ndi atatu: mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ndi Mankhwala, zokometsera, zinthu zapadera komanso zopangidwa mwamakonda, kuyeretsa mafuta, zonunkhiritsa ndi zotumphukira, ma linear alkyl benzene ndi ma advanced olefins, ma Light olefins ndi zida, kukonza gasi lachilengedwe, ndi ntchito.
UOP imapereka ntchito zopanga, uinjiniya, upangiri, zilolezo ndi ntchito, ukadaulo wa njira ndi kupanga ma catalyst, ma molecular seeves, ma adsorbents ndi zida zapadera zamafakitale oyenga mafuta, petrochemical ndi gasi wachilengedwe, ndi zilolezo 65 zaukadaulo zomwe zilipo.
UOP ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yogulitsa zeolite ndi aluminiyamu phosphate zeolite yokhala ndi zinthu zoposa 150 za zeolite zochotsera madzi, kuchotsa zinyalala zochepa komanso kulekanitsa zinthu za mpweya ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi kuchokera ku fakitale yoyeretsera. Mphamvu yopangira ma molecular seeve pachaka imafika matani 70,000. Mu gawo la ma molecular seeve adsorbents, UOP ili ndi 70% ya gawo la msika wapadziko lonse.
UOP ndiye kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga alumina, yokhala ndi zinthu monga pseudo-alumina, beta-alumina, gamma-alumina ndi α-alumina, zomwe zimapereka alumina yoyendetsedwa ndi aluminiyamu ndi aluminiyamu/silika-aluminum.
UOP ili ndi ma patent opitilira 9,000 padziko lonse lapansi ndipo yapanga zida pafupifupi 4,000 pogwiritsa ntchito ma patent ake m'maiko opitilira 80. 60 peresenti ya mafuta padziko lonse lapansi amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa UOP. Pafupifupi theka la sopo wothira mafuta padziko lonse lapansi amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa UOP. Mwa njira 36 zazikulu zoyeretsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani opanga mafuta, 31 zidapangidwa ndi UOP. Pakadali pano, UOP imapanga zinthu pafupifupi 100 zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera ndi zokoka zaukadaulo wake wovomerezeka ndi makampani ena, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo oyeretsera monga kukonzanso, isomerization, hydrocracking, hydrofining ndi oxidative desulphurization, komanso m'magawo a petrochemical kuphatikiza kupanga aromatics (benzene, toluene ndi xylene), propylene, butene, ethylbenzene, styrene, isopropylbenzene ndi cyclohexane.
Ma catalyst akuluakulu a UOP ndi awa: catalyst yokonzanso zinthu, C4 isomerization catalyst, C5 ndi C6 isomerization catalyst, xylene isomerization catalyst, hydrocracking catalyst ili ndi mitundu iwiri ya hydrocracking ndi mild hydrocracking, hydrotreating catalyst, oil desulfurization agent, sulfure recovery, tail gas conversion ndi zina zoyeretsera mafuta.
6, kampani yaukadaulo yotsogola ya ART American
Kampani ya Advanced Refining Technologies idakhazikitsidwa mu 2001 ngati mgwirizano wa 50-50 pakati pa Chevron Oil Products ndi Grace-Davidson. ART idakhazikitsidwa kuti iphatikize mphamvu zaukadaulo za Grace ndi Chevron kuti apange ndikugulitsa ma hydrogenation catalysts kumakampani opanga ma hydrogenation padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga ma hydrogenation catalysts, yomwe imapereka zoposa 50% ya ma hydrogenation catalysts padziko lonse lapansi.
ART imalumikiza zinthu ndi ntchito zake kudzera m'madipatimenti ogulitsa ndi maofesi a Grace Corporation ndi Chevron Corporation padziko lonse lapansi.
ART ili ndi mafakitale anayi opanga ma catalyst ndi malo amodzi ofufuzira ma catalyst. ART imapanga ma catalyst opangira ma hydrocracking, ma hydrocracking ofatsa, isomerization dewaxing, isomerization reforming ndi hydrofining.
Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli ndi monga Isocracking® ya isomerization, Isofinishing® ya isomerization, hydrocracking, mild hydrocracking, hydrofining, hydrotreating, residual hydrotreating.
7. Kabulonga Road
Univation, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1997 ndipo likulu lake lili ku Houston, Texas, ndi mgwirizano wa 50:50 pakati pa ExxonMobil Chemical Company ndi Dow Chemical Company.
Univation imagwira ntchito yotumiza ukadaulo wa polyethylene ndi ma catalyst a UNIPOL™, ndipo ndi kampani yotsogola padziko lonse lapansi yopereka chilolezo chaukadaulo komanso yopereka ma catalyst padziko lonse lapansi kumakampani opanga ma polyethylene. Ndi kampani yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga ndi kugulitsa ma catalyst a polyethylene, yomwe imawerengera 30% ya msika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Ma catalyst a kampaniyo amapangidwa ku malo ake a Mont Belvieu, Seadrift ndi Freeport ku Texas.
Njira yopangira polyethylene ya Univation, yomwe imadziwika kuti UNIPOL™, pakadali pano ili ndi mizere yopangira polyethylene yoposa 100 yomwe ikugwira ntchito kapena ikumangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito UNIPOL™ m'maiko 25, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zoposa 25% ya zonse padziko lonse lapansi.
Zothandizira zazikulu ndi izi: 1) chothandizira cha chromium cha UCAT™ ndi chothandizira cha Ziegler-Natta; 2) chothandizira cha metallocene cha XCAT™, dzina lamalonda la EXXPOL; 3) PRODIGY™ Bimodal Catalyst; 4) chothandizira cha deaeration cha UT™.
8. BASF
Likulu lake ku Munich, Germany, BASF ndi imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi zinthu zoposa 8,000, kuphatikizapo mankhwala owonjezera mtengo, mapulasitiki, utoto, zokutira zamagalimoto, zoteteza zomera, mankhwala, mankhwala abwino, mafuta ndi gasi.
Basf ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, aniline, caprolactam ndi foamed styrene. Polypropylene, polystyrene, hydroxyl alcohol ndi zinthu zina zili pa nambala yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi; Ethylbenzene, mphamvu yopangira styrene ili pa nambala yachitatu padziko lonse lapansi. Basf ndi imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapereka zowonjezera zakudya, kuphatikizapo mono-vitamins, multivitamins, carotenoids, lysines, enzymes ndi zosungira zakudya.
Basf ili ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi osiyana a bizinesi: Mankhwala, Mapulasitiki, Mayankho Ogwira Ntchito, Zogulitsa Zogwira Ntchito, Mankhwala Okhudza Zaulimi ndi Mafuta ndi Gasi.
Basf ndi kampani yokhayo padziko lonse lapansi yomwe imakhudza bizinesi yonse ya catalyst, yokhala ndi mitundu yoposa 200 ya catalysts. Makamaka imaphatikizapo: catalyst yoyeretsera mafuta (FCC catalyst), catalyst yamagalimoto, catalyst ya mankhwala (copper chromium catalyst ndi ruthenium catalyst, ndi zina zotero), catalyst yoteteza chilengedwe, catalyst yochotsa hydrogenation ndi catalyst yoyeretsa hydrogenation.
Basf ndi kampani yachiwiri padziko lonse yopanga ma catalyst a FCC, yokhala ndi pafupifupi 12% ya msika wapadziko lonse wa ma catalyst oyenga.
9. Kampani ya Mafuta ya BP ku Britain
BP ndi imodzi mwa makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi ophatikizana amafuta padziko lonse lapansi, likulu lake lili ku London, UK; Bizinesi ya kampaniyo imakhudza mayiko ndi madera opitilira 100, kuphatikizapo kufufuza ndi kupanga mafuta ndi gasi, kukonza ndi kutsatsa, mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso madera atatu akuluakulu; BP imagawidwa m'magawo atatu amalonda: Kufufuza ndi Kupanga Mafuta ndi Gasi, Kuyeretsa ndi Kutsatsa, ndi mabizinesi ena (mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ndi Zam'madzi). Bizinesi ya BP yokonza zinthu ndi gawo la Refining and Marketing Division.
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi mafuta zimaphatikizapo magulu awiri, gulu loyamba ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi aromatic ndi acetic acid, makamaka kuphatikiza PTA, PX ndi acetic acid; Gulu lachiwiri ndi olefins ndi zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku zinthuzo, makamaka kuphatikiza ethylene, propylene ndi zinthu zochokera kuzinthu zina. PTA ya BP (zinthu zazikulu zopangira polyester), PX (zinthu zazikulu zopangira PTA) ndi mphamvu zopangira acetic acid zili pamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. BP yapanga ukadaulo wapadera wopanga PX kutengera luso lake la isomerization catalyst komanso ukadaulo wothandiza wa crystallization. BP ili ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wopanga Cativa® acetic acid.
Bizinesi ya BP ya olefin ndi derivatives ili makamaka ku China ndi Malaysia.
10, Kampani ya Sud-Chemie ya ku Germany Southern Chemical
Kampani ya Southern Chemical Company yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1857, ndi kampani yodziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yokhala ndi mbiri yoposa zaka 150, yomwe ili ndi likulu lake ku Munich, Germany.
Kampani ya Nanfang Chemical ili ndi makampani okwana 77, kuphatikizapo makampani 5 aku Germany, makampani 72 akunja, motsatana, omwe ali m'magawo awiri a adsorbent ndi catalyst, omwe ndi a petrochemical, processing food, consumer commodities, casting, water treatment, environment protection and other industry kuti apereke zinthu zothandiza kwambiri, adsorbent ndi zowonjezera.
Bizinesi yothandiza anthu kupanga zinthu za catalyst ya Nanfang Chemical Company ndi ya Catalyst Technology, Energy and Environment.
Gawo la Catalyst Technology lagawidwa m'magulu anayi amalonda padziko lonse lapansi: ma catalyst reaction catalysts, ma petrochemical catalysts, ma catalysts oyenga mafuta ndi ma polymerization catalysts.
Mitundu ya chothandizira cha Nanfang Chemical makamaka imaphatikizapo: chothandizira kuyeretsa zinthu zopangira, petrochothandizira cha mankhwala, chothandizira cha mankhwala, chothandizira kuyeretsa mafuta, chothandizira kupoletsa polymerization cha olefin, chothandizira kuyeretsa mpweya, chothandizira maselo amafuta.
Zindikirani: Pakadali pano, kampani ya Southern Chemical Company (SUD-Chemie) yagulidwa ndi Clariant!
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-17-2023
